domingo, agosto 27, 2006

Medicina e Literatura

A quantidade de livros lidos é diretamente proporcional à qualidade da escrita, quanto a todos os aspectos de um bom texto. Não apenas do ponto de vista literário; qualquer texto, de um artigo científico a uma carta de amor. Vocabulário, gramática, formação de frases, estilo, tudo melhora significativamente com a leitura. A sociedade lê pouco, e isso não é um fenômeno atual ou tampouco brasileiro; a classe médica, portanto, como qualquer segmento da sociedade, é de pouca leitura, quanto tanto restringindo-se à literatura científica.

Chama-se epônimo uma doença, sinal ou sintoma, ou qualquer fenômeno clínico, que receba o nome do seu decobridor. Alguns médicos do passado têm seus nomes imortalizados em íncontáveis epônimos, como é o caso de Fuller Albright, endocrinologista americano da primeira metade do século XX, eminente etudioso do metabolismo ósseo. A ele é atribuído o descobrimento da osteodistrofia de Albright, da síndrome de McCune Albright, entre outros.

Em alguns casos, pelo menos três, que eu me lembre agora, o descobridor da doença preferiu prestar homenagem, não a si próprio, mas a personagens da literatura e obras clássicas que trataram do assunto antes que se tornasse um problema médico. É o caso da Síndrome de Pickwick, descrita inicialmente por Charles Dickens no romance "As Aventuras do Sr. Pickwick". A síndrome se caracteriza por obesidade e redução da ventilação pulmonar, provocando sonolência; exatamente como a brilhante descrição do assistente Sam Weller. Curioso que a doença ganha o nome do protagonista, enquanto o doente da história é na verdade seu empregado.

O Barão de Munchausen é outro personagem que, de tão literariamente complexo, não podia ficar restrito às prateleiras de livro. O Barão é, inclusive, mais famoso que seu autor, o alemão Gottfried August Bürger. O nobre contador de mentiras entrou para a Medicina sob a forma da síndrome de Munchausen, ou, traduzindo para o bom português, a criação de sinais e sintomas em pessoas normais a fim de enganar o médico. Esquentar o termômetro no fogo para fingir que tem febre, para dar um exemplo bem simples. Alguns pacientes podem ser submetidos a dezenas de cirurgias antes de diagosticar o problema.

O terceiro não faz referência a um personagem, mas ao título do livro. "CATCH 22" é uma sátira à Segunda Guerra Mundial escrita pelo norte-americano Joseph Heller nos hippies anos 60, denunciando a estupidez institucional das Forças Armadas. A expressão-título, que em português é traduzida como "Ardil 22", ganhou vida própria, passando a significar algo como "se correr o bicho pega, se ficar o bicho come", uma sinuca de bico sem saída. No livro, John Yossariam, capitão da Aeronáutica de uma base na Itália, tenta desesperadamente voltar para casa. Mas é decretado o Ardil 22, lei de guerra que diz que só pode pedir baixa quem for louco; mas pedir baixa alegando insanidade é sinal de lucidez. O raciocínio entra num ciclo vicioso que impede qualquer tentativa de retorno. Pois na Medicina, CATCH 22 é um mnemônico da Síndrome de Di George, doença genética caracterizada por: Defeito Cardíaco; Anormalidades faciais; Hipoplasia de Timo, fenda palatina (Cleft palate); Hipocalcemia; e mutação no cromossomo 22.

Não é obrigação nenhuma saber quem foi Charles Dickens, Gottfried Bürger ou Joseph Heller; mas ajuda ma hora de não falar besteira, como quem tenta explicar quem foi Samuel Pickwick e nunca leu o livro, ou ouviu falar uma vez e repete para o resto da vida. Dos três, nunca li "As aventuras do Barão de Munchausen"; mas para quem tem preguiça de sentar uma, duas horas para ler, todos os três foram adaptados para o cinema. A obra de Dickens foi adaptada em 1952, e de todos é o mais difícil de encontrar. O alemão mentiroso já foi às telas cinco vezes, sendo a última pelo ex-Monty Python Terry Gillian, com elenco de estrelas incluindo Eric Idle, Uma Thurman, Ray Cooper, Robin Williams, entre outros. "Ardil 22" tornou-se clássico nos anos 70, trazendo também uma constelação, com Alan Arkin, Orson Wells, Art Garfunkel, Jon Voigt, Martin Sheen, e o diretor Mike Nichols em uma de suas primeiras obras.

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Both women and men could feel the difficulties of maintaining their clothing up-to-date and in time, yet men's fashion usually seems a lot simpler. Of course, for both genders, outfits and style choices may be equally as delicate, and there are many'fashionable'things that can quickly become fashion faux pas - who will say they frequently see people walking on in 70s flares? On the other side, men's style includes a few choice things that can exist forever - which man is likely to keep an eye out of place with a good-quality, tailored suit, for example? Pick classic pieces, colors and fabrics and you'll never seem out-of-place.

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